Which of the following is NOT an acculturation orientation?

Pannational is not recognized as an acculturation orientation within the framework of cultural adaptation. Acculturation refers to the process through which individuals or groups adopt the cultural traits or social patterns of another group. The primary orientations typically discussed within this context are assimilation, integration, and separation.

Assimilation involves the process where individuals adopt the culture of the dominant group, often losing aspects of their original culture. Integration refers to maintaining one's original culture while also engaging with the dominant culture, allowing for a bicultural identity. Separation is characterized by individuals or groups choosing to maintain their original culture and avoiding interaction with the dominant culture.

Pannational, while it may refer to a concept involving broader cultural or national identities, does not fit within the established framework of acculturation orientations. Thus, it is not considered a valid orientation in discussions about how individuals navigate cultural interactions and identity formation.